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PMS 530-1

Operations

Rappel Risk Assessments

Aircraft | Equipment | Operations


System:  Rappel, Operations

Sub-System Hazards Pre-Mitigation Mitigation Post-Mitigation

Probability

Severity

Risk Level

Probability

Severity

Risk Level

Training Non standard/inconsistent

Almost Certain

Moderate

High

Utilize joint training. Train the trainer to one standard.

Possible

Moderate

Medium

Supervision Not properly qualified for firefighting mission

Unlikely

Catastrophic

High

Ensure Spotter and firefighters adhere to existing qualifications.

Rare

Catastrophic

Medium

Escape routes and safety zones not identified

Possible

Catastrophic

Extremely High

Ensure Spotter and ALL firefighters have knowledge and location of safety zones, and escape routes prior to fast rope deployment.

Unlikely

Catastrophic

High

Rappel Procedure Non-standard procedures / policy deviation

Possible

Catastrophic

Extremely High

Frequent unscheduled inspections by HOS/check spotter/peers/SME, suspend operations until corrections are made. Violations will result in program suspension. Utilize joint training when practical. Check spotters from other bases and regions will conduct combined training. Attendance of National or Regional Rappel Spotter Workshop is mandatory every two years.

Unlikely

Catastrophic

High

Non-standard verbiage, direction, and interaction between spotter and pilot during rappel operations

Almost Certain

Critical

High

Increase simulation training, mock-ups, and proficiency (especially with relief pilots). Ensure proper briefing for new/relief personnel.  Develop Challenge and Response criteria between spotter and pilot. Develop CRM training specific to pilot-spotter relationship to be included in PMS 310-1. 

Unlikely

Critical

Medium

Deviation from intended mission with limited information

Almost Certain

Critical

Extremely High

Obtain necessary information prior to accepting mission, obtain frequencies, contacts, coordinates, additional aircraft, known hazards, deconflict airspace, follow all FTA procedures. Ensure crew is re-briefed on new mission.

Possible

Critical

High

Exposure to off-site landing

Almost Certain

Critical

Extremely High

Follow standard procedures (high-low recon, power checks, verify load calculations as valid, etc.) Follow risk management process. Site selection needs to be mutually agreed upon by pilot and spotter. Respond to the incident configured to rappel when appropriate.

Possible

Critical

High

Rappel Site Selection Poor site selection

Possible

Catastrophic

Extremely High

Spotter training, develop national standard Spotter Training Handbook, CRM, depth of fire experience, minimal redcard qualification of single resource boss with ICT4 being preferred.

Unlikely

Catastrophic

High

External Cargo Letdown Rappelers on board helicopter during delivery of cargo which translates to longer exposure to personnel during high power settings in hover

Almost Certain

Critical

Extremely High

Follow standard procedures (high-low recon, power checks, verify load calculations as valid, etc.) Follow risk management process. Site selection needs to be mutually agreed upon by pilot and spotter. Respond to the incident configured to rappel when appropriate.

Possible

Critical

High

Overflying highways, major population area, personnel

Possible

Critical

High

Establish and brief on proper flight paths, update maps, see and avoid, find other means for mission.

Unlikely

Critical

Medium

Internal Cargo Letdown Security of Cargo without appropriate or approved hardware

Almost Certain

Critical

Extremely High

Establish minimum standard for cargo restraint straps and protective netting.

Unlikely

Critical

Medium

Exposure to rappelers during internal load operations due to additional weight on board the aircraft and denied living space

Almost Certain

Critical

Extremely High

Consider performing cargo operation separately. Ensure that method of securing cargo is adequate for the size and weight of the cargo in the event of an accident. When possible secure the cargo outside of the passenger compartment. Limit internal cargo weight. Require DOT approved containers for hazardous materials.

Possible

Critical

High

Emergency Procedures Lack of adequate training / proficiency

Possible

Critical

High

Increase simulation training, utilize tower/elevated platform to increase rappeler/spotter emergency procedure proficiency, develop training which includes pilot, spotter and rappeler. Improve/update spotter/rappeler training syllabus.

Unlikely

Critical

Medium

Non standard verbiage for mission critical / non-critical situations (Emergency vs. Non-Emergency in hover during rappel ops)

Possible

Critical

High

Increase simulation training, fund and utilize current simulators at McClellan, develop challenge/response criteria between spotter and pilot.

Unlikely

Critical

Medium

 

Download the Word version (docx) of this information and the Risk Assessment Matrix (pdf) to use with the Risk Assessment Worksheet (docx).

 

 

Modified / Reviewed:

NWCG Latest Announcements

WFSTAR 2025 Core Component Module Package and 2024 Fire Year in Review Now Available

Date: March 14, 2025
Questions?  Please contact:
Joe Schindel at mschindel@blm.gov
 

The 2025 Core Component Module Package for RT-130, Wildland Fire Safety Training Annual Refresher (WFSTAR) and the 2024 Fire Year in Review are now available on the NWCG website. The 2025 Core Component Module Package provides all content needed to deliver RT-130.

References:

2025 Core Component Module Package

2024 Fire Year in Review Module

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Date: March 12, 2025
Contact: Wildland Urban Interface Mitigation Committee

The NWCG Wildland Urban Interface Mitigation Field Guide, PMS 053 provides mitigation practitioners at all experience levels with recommendations on the most effective and efficient ways to accomplish mitigation work in communities at risk to wildfire damage or destruction. The content in this guide was written in coordination with the NWCG Standards for Mitigation in the Wildland Urban Interface, PMS 052.

References:

NWCG Wildland Urban Interface Mitigation Field Guide, PMS 053 

Updated, NWCG Standards for Wildland Fire Module Operations, PMS 430

Date: March 11, 2025
Contact: Fire Use Subcommittee
Wildland Fire Module Unit

The NWCG Standards for Wildland Fire Module Operations, PMS 430 standardizes procedures and expectations for Wildland Fire Modules (WFMs). These standards are to be used by staff, supervisors, specialists, and technicians for planning, administering, and conducting WFM operations. These standards will also be used as a measure of WFM qualifications, capabilities, and expected performance, for both Type 1 and Type 2 WFMs.

References:

NWCG Standards for Wildland Fire Module Operations, PMS 430

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Date: March 7, 2025
Contact: National Interagency Aviation Committee

The NWCG Standards for Airtanker Operations, PMS 514 establishes the standards for dispatching, utilizing, and coordinating airtankers on interagency wildland fires. These standards should be used in conjunction with the NWCG Standards for Aerial Supervision (SAS), PMS 505, NWCG Standards for Airtanker Base Operations (SABO), PMS 508, and any applicable agency plans.

References:

NWCG Standards for Airtanker Operations, PMS 514