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Fuel Moisture: Live Fuel Moisture Content

  1. Concepts and Methods
  2. Growing Season Index (GSI)/Live Fuel Index (LFI)
  3. Herbaceous Fuel Moisture (HFM) Content
  4. Woody Fuel Moisture (WFM) Content
  5. Foliar Moisture Content (FMC)

Concepts and Methods

Live fuel moistures differ for herbaceous fuels (primarily grasses) and woody fuels (shrubs and trees). Use this table to set live fuel moisture estimates and to interpret current status of live fuels in the field.

With the introduction of the Scott and Burgan 40 standard fuel models, herbaceous fuel moisture (HFM) is emphasized for fuel models that include them. Importantly, reductions in HFM below 120% also signal  dynamic transfer of herbaceous fuel load to dead fuels that use much lower dead fuel moisture. The original 13 fuel models are intended for peak season conditions and assume that herbaceous fuels are cured and included in the dead fuel loads.

Live Moisture Content (%) Herbaceous/Dynamic Woody/Foliar/Original 13
>150% to 300% Maturing foliage still developing. Fresh foliage fully expanded, vigorously growing.  Early in growing cycle. Maturing foliage still developing. Fresh foliage fully expanded, vigorously growing.  Early in growing cycle.
>120% to 150% Mature foliage, new growth complete, and comparable to older perennial foliage. Shrubs and grasses resist spread. Mature foliage, new growth complete, and comparable to older perennial foliage. Shrubs and grasses resist spread.
>100% to 120% Mature foliage, new growth complete, and comparable to older perennial foliage.  Flammable shrubs should burn. Grasses resist spread. Mature foliage, new growth complete, and comparable to older perennial foliage.  Flammable shrubs should burn. Grasses resist spread.
>80% to 100% Green color pales. Grasses become less resistant to spread. Avoid 90 to 100% as inputs. Anticipate flammable shrubs burning aggressively.
>50% to 80% Significant yellowing and curing.  Live fuels contributing to spread. Leaves are yellowing and curing.  Expect shrubs to contribute to fire intensity.
>30% to 50% Mostly to completely cured, treat as dead fuels. Dormant, leafless deciduous shrubs, increased dead fuel loads.

Trends in live fuel moisture vary widely, but the National Fire Danger Rating System (NFDRS) and U.S. Fire Behavior Prediction methods categorize them as herbaceous and woody fuel moistures. NFDRS models trend live fuel moisture according to these stages of plant development:

  • During dormancy, all three models estimate HFM as if they were dead fine fuels. Minimum woody fuel moisture estimates vary, when dormant, according to the established Climate Class for the weather observing location.
  • Green-up/Green occurs in spring and early summer when live fuel moistures trend from dormant minimums up to 250% under most favorable conditions.
  • Transition describes the process of progressive curing due to dry weather and soil conditions prior to frost and freezing conditions.
  • Freeze/Frozen conditions lead to rapid curing of live fuels into a dormant state at the end of the season if they haven’t already been fully cured in transition.

NFDRS uses a weather-based index of plant development, called the Growing Season Index (GSI), to automate the process. It identifies when green-up begins, how fast it progresses, the maximum live fuel moisture, transition curing, and when freeze/frozen dormant conditions occur.

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Growing Season Index (GSI) and Live Fuel Index (LFI)

The GSI (Jolly, et al, 2005) is a simple metric of plant physiological limits to photosynthesis. It is highly correlated to the seasonal changes in both the amount and activity of plant canopies. It predicts the green up and senescence of live fuels and the influence of water stress events on vegetation. GSI is calculated as a function of the three indicators of important weather factors that regulate plant functions. These indicators are combined into a single indicator that integrates the limiting effects of temperature, water, and light deficiencies. More information at The Wildland Fire Assessment System (WFAS).

  • Minimum temperature: Many of the biochemical processes of plants are sensitive to low temperatures. Although ambient air temperatures certainly influence growth, constraints on phenology appear to be more closely related to restrictions on water uptake by roots when soil temperatures are suboptimal and many field studies show variable ecosystem responses over a range of minimum temperatures.
  • Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD): Water stress causes partial to complete stomatal closure, reduces leaf development rate, induces the shedding of leaves, and slows or halts cell division. Although models are available to calculate a soil water balance, they require knowledge of rooting depth, soil texture, latent heat losses, and precipitation. As a surrogate, we selected an index of the evaporative demand, the VPD of the atmosphere.
  • Photoperiod or Day Length: Photoperiod provides a plant with a reliable annual climatic cue because it does not vary from year to year at a given location. We assume that photoperiod provides the outer envelope within which other climatic controls may dictate foliar development. Studies have shown that photoperiod is important to both leaf flush and leaf senescence throughout the world.
  • The Live Fuel Index (LFI): May be referenced in some instances. It represents the same value, only scaled between 0 and 100 instead of 0 and 1.

Example of 2014 seasonal values of the GSI and Live Fuel Moistures, Watford, North Dakota.

Image
Growing Season Index and Live Fuel Moistures. This example graphic demonstrates the relationship between Growing Season Index (GSI) and the fuel moisture for live herbaceous and live woody fuels.

Upper and lower limits of the indicator functions used to calculate the GSI.

Input Variable Unconstrained (=1) Completely Limiting (=0)
Minimum Temperature 5•C/41•F -2•C/28•F
Vapor Pressure Deficit (Pascals) 900 Pascals 4100 Pascals
Photoperiod (Day Length) 11 hours 10 hours

Example values of the GSI, their interpretation, and effect on NFDRS Live Fuel Moistures.

GSI Increasing

GSI Value Classification/Interpretation
0 to 0.5 Pre green-up; dormancy. Herbaceous fuels at 30%, woody shrubs at dormant values at 50-80%.
>0.50 Green-up; live fuel moisture increases linearly with GSI from dormant values.
0.5 to 1.0 Closed green plant canopies. Live fuel moisture fluctuates with GSI. If GSI reaches 1.0 live moistures are limited to 250% for herbaceous fuels and 200% for live woody fuels.

GSI Decreasing

GSI Value Classification/Interpretation
1.0 to 0.5 Live fuel moisture fluctuates with GSI.
<0.50 Leaf senescence.
Below 0.5 Cured herbaceous and shrub dormancy. Herbaceous fuels at 30%, woody shrubs at dormant values.

The data and processing of the GSI, and the dependent live fuel moistures, make gridded map depictions possible and automated processing a reality.

Image
Growing Season Index. Example graphic from the Wildland Fire Assessment System for March 4th of 2017.

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Herbaceous Fuel Moisture (HFM) Content

As shown in this graph (Burgan, 1979), HFM influences both the flammability of living herbaceous vegetation and the transfer of living herbaceous fuel loads from and to dead 1-hr Time Lag (TL) fine fuels. The dashed line with the herbaceous load trend shows the trend for dynamic fire behavior fuel models.

Image
Herbaceous Fuel Moisture Content Seasonal Trends. Stylized graphic that explains the phenological processes and the resulting manifestation of live fuel moisture content.
  • Herbaceous fuel moistures vary between 30% at dormancy and 250% at peak green-up.
  • Herbaceous loads are transferred to and from fine fuel loads based on fuel moisture. At 30% all load is dead. At 120% all load is live. Please see the content on Dynamic and Proportional Fuel Load Transfer on the Surface Fuel Model Selection page.
  • In 2016 NFDRS, herbaceous FM is at 30% when GSI is 0.5 or less and at 250% when GSI is at 1.0. HFM trends match GSI between 0.5 and 1.0.

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Woody Fuel Moisture (WFM) Content

Though similar in trend to herbaceous fuel moisture content, WFM content ranges with less extremes:

  • Dormant defaults range from 50% in climate class 1 –  80% in climate class 4.
  • Peak green conditions are represented by fuel moisture of 200%.
  • In 2016 NFDRS, min WFM is set at GSI of 0.5 or less, at 200% at GSI of 1.0 and trends with GSI between those levels.

There is no fuel load transfer between live and dead fuels based on WFM.

This graphic shows the agreement between the GSI trend and measured WFM for Nevada sagebrush and California chamise, two very important fire landscapes. Note: difference from the 1978 NFDRS woody fuel moisture trend was based on the 1,000-hr fuel moisture trend.

Image
Woody Fuel Moisture Calculation Method Comparison. This example graphic compares the Growing Season Index and its associated estimate of woody fuel moisture with the traditional approach to estimation in the 1978 version of NFDRS.

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Foliar Moisture Content (FMC)

Foliar Moisture Content is defined in the BehavePlus Variable fire modeling system as the moisture content of the conifer needles in tree crowns. It is used along with surface fire intensity and crown base height as input to the crown fire initiation model. Further, it is generally measured using only mature conifer needles at least one-year old.

In some cases, evergreen hardwoods and deciduous species with resinous leaves will carry crown fire. Estimates of foliar moisture should reflect flammability of these crown fuels.

BehavePlus allows a range of 30-300% as with other live fuels, but WFDSS allows only a range of 70-130%. Default value is typically 100%.

The example plot below, for Abies Lasiocarpa, or Subalpine Fir, compares moisture content for new and old foliage (Agee, et al 2002).

Image
Foliar Moisture Content. Example seasonal trend for Subalpine Fir.

As shown in this graph, there is a measurable Spring-Dip in measured foliar moisture content of mature needles associated with the emergence of new growth, at least among northern conifer (Hirsch, 1996 and Jolly, et.al., 2014).

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Spring Dip in Foliar Moisture Content. Stylized graphic that demonstrates the influence of date and elevation on foliar moisture content as new needles flush and expand in the spring.

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